A 5 y.o. child had a temperature rise up to 400C, acute headache, vomi-ting, anxiety, chill. 4 days later there appeared hemorrhagic skin eruption, oliguria and adrenal insufficiency that caused death. Bacteriological examinati-on of smears from the child’s pharynx revealed meningococcus. What disease form was revealed?
48 hours after tuberculine test (Mantoux test) a child had a papule up to 10 mm in diameter on the spot of tuberculine introduction. What hypersensitivity mechanism underlies the mentioned changes?
A 7 y.o. girl was admitted to the infectious diseases hospital with fever, sore throat, common weakness. A doctor suspected diphtheria. What would be crucial for diagnosis confirmation after pure culture of causative agent had been singled out?
Immune-enzyme assay of blood serum revealed presence of HBs-antigen. What disease is signalized by this antigen?
The first grade pupils went through a medical examination aimed at selection of children needing tuberculosis revaccinati-on. What test was applied?
Vaccination is done by means of a toxin that has been neutralized by a formaldehyde (0,4%) at a temperature 37 − 40 0 for four weeks. Ramond was the first to apply this preparation for di-phtheria prophylaxis. What preparation is it?
In case of many infectious diseases patient’s blood may contain antigens of causative agents. What reaction should be applied provided that the level of anti-genemia is low?
A patient complained about a carbuncle on his face. Examination results: neither dense nor painful edema of subcutaneous cellular tissue, there is black crust in the middle of the carbuncle and peripheral vesicular rash around it. Bacteriological examination revealed presence of immobile streptobacilli able of capsulation. What microorganisms are causative agents of this disease?
A patient applied to a doctor wi-th complaints about noise and painful sensations in his ear. Objectively: a patient is ill with acute respiratory di-sease, rhinitis. The infection that caused inflammation of tympanic cavity could have penetrated into it through the following pharynx opening:
A 3 m.o. baby has white film on the mucous membrane of his mouth, tongue and lips. A doctor suspected candidosis. What nutrient medium should be appli-ed for inoculation of the material under examination in order to confirm this di-agnosis?
Antigens of Sonne shigella placed on the objects of outdoor environment and foodstuffs can be revealed by means of a certain test with application of a diagnostic test system that includes a polystyrene tray with adsorbed specific antibodies. What reaction is it?
Typical symptom of cholera is loss of a large quantity of water and sodium ions by an organism. What mechanism underli-es initiation of diarhea in this case?
A patient being treated in the burns department has suppurative complicati-on. The pus is of bluishgreen colour that is indicative of infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. What factor is typical for this causative agent?
A newborn child has hyperemia, edema of mouth mucous membrane, small erosions with viscous mucopurulent di-scharge. Examination of mucopus smears reveals a great number of leukocytes containing gram-negative diplococci. The same microorganisms can be found outsi-de the leukocytes. What is the most probable diagnosis?
A 5 y.o. child’s enamel and dentin are striated with yellowish-brown stripes, the child has also dentin exposure, multiple caries. It is known that the child’s mother had been taking antibiotics during her pregnancy. What medication might have caused such by-effect?
A 5 year old child has the following symptoms: body temperature up to 40oC, acute headache, vomiting, anxiety, shiver. 4 days later there appeared hemorrhagic skin rash, oliguria and adrenal insuffi-ciency that caused death. Bacteriological examination of pharyngeal smears revealed meningococcus. What form of meningococcal infection was it?
Medical examination of the first-year pupils included Mantoux test. 15 pupils out of 35 had negative reaction. What acti-ons should be taken against children with negative reaction?
On a certain territory mass death of rodents was registered. It was suspected that their death might have been caused by plague. What serological reaction should be applied for quick identification of antigen of the causative agent of this epizooty?
A 10 year old child underwent Mantoux test (with tuberculin). 48 hours later there apperaed a papule up to 8 mm in diameter on the site of tuberculin injection. Tuberculin injection caused the following hypersensitivity reaction:
A patient with streptococcal infection of gums was prescribed a drug that contai-ned beta-lactam ring in its structure. Whi- ch drug relates to this group?
Microscopical examination of exudate obtained from a rat with aseptic peritoni tis and mixed with bird’s erythrocytes revealed macrophages surrounded by foreign erythrocytes. What stage of phagocytosis is it?
34 year old male patient cosulted a doctor about face carbuncle. Objectively: a loose, painless edema of hypodermic tissue; black crust in the centre of carbuncle, vesicular rash around it. Mi-crobiological examination revealed static streptobacilli capable of capsule building. What microorganisms are the causative agents of this disease?
3 month old infant has got a whi-te deposition on the mucous membrane of his mouth, tongue and lips. The doctor suspected candidosis. What nutri-ent medium should be used for inoculati-on of the material under examination in order to confirm this diagnosis?
Specific prophylaxis involved application of a vaccine containing microorganisms and exotoxin detoxicated by formalin. It relates to the following type of vaccine:
After continuous treatment with antibiotics a patient got symptoms of stomatitis. Examination of specimens of oral mucous membrane revealed some oval polymorphous Gram-positive mi-croorganisms arranged in clusters. What microorganism may be the cause of such manifestations?
A 30 year old woman has been conti-nuously using lipstick with a fluorescent substance that led to development of a li-mited erythema on the prolabium, slight peeling, and later small transversal sulci and fissures. Microscopical examination of the affected zone revealed in the connecti-ve tissue sensibilized lymphocytes and macrophages, effects of cytolysis. What type of immunological hypersensitivity has developed on the lip?
A new-born child has hyperemia, edema of the oral mucous membrane, small erosions with viscous mucopus. Smears from the mucopus contain a lot of leukocytes with Gram-negative di-plococci. The same microorganisms can be found also beyond the leukocytes. What is the most probable diagnosis?
Microscopical study of discharges from urethra of a patient suffering from acute urethritis revealed bean-shaped mi-croorganisms up to 1 micrometer in diameter arranged in pairs and placed inside the leukocytes. What microorganisms are these?
In the surgical department of a dental clinic cases of hospital-acquired staphylococcal infection were registered which was caused by strains with multi-ple drug resistance. Such feature can be identified by presence of:
7 year old child has angina A smear from the tonsil surface was inoculated on blood agar. 24 hours later there had grown colonies of streptococci. Nutrient medium turned transparent around them. This study revealed presence of the following pathogenous factor:
What preventive medications should be injected to a patient with open maxillofacial trauma provided that he has never got prophylactic vaccination before?
Skin samples of a patient with bronchial asthma revealed allergen sensi tization of poplar fuzz. What factor of immune system plays the main part in development of this immunopathological state?
Sputum smears of a patient with chronic pulmonary disease were stained by Ziehl-Neelsen method and analyzed in the bacteriological laboratory. Microscopy revealed red bacillus. What property of tuberculosis myobacteria was found?
A patient who suffered form syphilis took a course of antibiotic therapy and fully recovered. Some time later he was infected again with T reponema pallidum. What form of infection is it?
A 7 year old girl was taken to an infectious diseases hospital. She had complaints of high temperature, sore throat, general weakness. A doctor assumed dyphteria. What will be cruci-al proof of diagnosis after defining pure culture of pathogenic organism?
A lot of pyoinflammatory processes in oral cavity are caused by anaerobes. What nutrient medium can be used for conrol of wound textile contamination by anaerobes?
Microscopic analysis of tissue sampling from affected area of mucous membrane of oral cavity revealed baci-llus in form of accumulations that looked like a pack of cigarettes. Ziehl-Neelsen staining gives them red colour. What kind of pathogenic organism was most likely revealed in tissue sampling?
From the purulent exudate of a patient with odontogenic phlegmon a pure culture of Gram(+) microorgani-sms was segregated. This culture was leci-thinously active, coagulated plasma of a rabbit, decomposed mannitol under anaerobe conditions. What microorgani-sm may have contributed to the origin of suppurative complication?
A patient has pure culture of diphtheria corynebacteria. What immunological reaction should be used in order to determine bacteria toxigenity?
An infectious diseases hospital admitted a veterinarian with assumed brucellosis. What serologic test can confi-rm this diagnosis?
Mother of a two year old child consulted a dentist. In the period of pregnancy she was nonsystematically taking antibiotics to treat an infectious disease. The child’s examination revealed incisor destruction, yellow enamel, brown limbus of dental cervix. What preparation was mother taking during her pregnancy?
Bacteriological laboratory has the task to sterilize nutrient mediums contai-ning substances that convert under the temperature over 1000 (urea, carbohydrates). What method of sterili-zation should be used?
A 4 year old child had Mantoux test. A 4 year old child had Mantoux test.hours after tuberculin introduction a focal skin hardening and redness 15 mm in diameter appeared. It was regarded as positive test. What type of hypersensitivi-ty reaction is this test based upon?
A laboratory received a material (extract of animal matter) from the regi-on with cases of anthrax among animals. What serological reaction should be used in order to reveal antigenes of pathogenic organism in the given material?
The contents of vesicles from the mucous tunic of a man who has smallpox variola was sent to the virusologic laboratory. What will be revealed during microscopy of smears?
A patient was taken to the hospi-tal with complaints of headache, high temperature, frequent stool, stomach pain with tenesmus. Doctor made a clinical di-agnosis dysentery and sent the materi-al (excrements) to the bacteriological laboratory for analysis. What diagnostic method should the laboratory doctor use to confirm or to disprove the clinical di-agnosis?
Bacteriological examination of purulent discharges from urethra revealed some bacteries that had negative Gram’s stain, resembled of coffee corns, decomposed glucose and maltose up to acid. They were located in leukocutes. What disease do they cause?
A patient in the oral surgery department has got purulent complicati-on. Bacteriological analysis of the wound material found a culture that produces cyan pigment. What microorganism is the most probable causative agent?
Sputum smears of a patient with chronic pulmonary disease were stained by Ziehl-Neelsen method and analyzed in the bacteriological laboratory. Microscopy revealed red bacillus. What property of tuberculosis myobacteria was found?
A 7 year old girl was taken to an infectious diseases hospital. She had complaints of high temperature, sore throat, general weakness. A doctor assumed dyphteria. What will be cruci-al proof of diagnosis after defining pure culture of pathogenic organism?.
Immune-enzyme reaction revealed in blood serum HBs-antigene. What disease is this antigene associated with?
Professional dentists belong to the ri-sk group concerning professional infecti-on with viral hepatitis type B. Name an effective method for active prevention of this disease among the dentists:
Microscopic analysis of tissue sampling from affected area of mucous membrane of oral cavity revealed baci-llus in form of accumulations that looked like a pack of cigarettes. Ziehl-Neelsen staining gives them red colour. What kind of pathogenic organism was most likely revealed in tissue sampling?
A patient with clinical presentations of primary immunodeficiency displays di-sturbance of antigenpresenting function by immunocompetent cells. What cells may have structure defect?
A doctor examined a patient wi-th recurrent aphthous stomatitis with concominant candidosis and decided to eliminate a possibility of HIV-infection. What examination can help to clear the situation up and make a provisional di-agnosis?
On the territory of a certain region the mass death of rodents was observed. It was assumed that it may be caused by plague agent. What serological reaction should be applied for quick determinati-on of antigene of this epizootic agent?
A 10 year old child was subjected to Mantoux test (with tuberculine). 48 hours later a papule up to 8 mm in diameter appeared on the site of tuberculine injecti-on. What type of hyperesponsiveness reaction has developed after tuberculine injection?
During many infectious diseases pati-ent’s blood may contain antigenes of pathogens. What reaction should be appli-ed provided that antigenemia is at a low level?
A patient with tuberculosis was prescribed a certain medication as a part of complex therapy - derivative of isonicotinic acid hydrazide. Name this preparation:
A teenger had his tooth extracted under novocain anaesthesia. 10 minutes later he presented with skin pallor, dyspnea, hypotension. When this reacti-on is developed and the allergen achieves tissue basophils, it reacts with:
A patient with convulsive contracti-ons of facial muscles was admitted to the infectious disease ward. From a scratch on his lower right extremity analysts isolated bacteria with terminal endospores that gave them drumstick appearance. What bacteria are compliant with given description?
A patient complained about a carbuncle on his face. Examination results: neither dense nor painful edema of subcutaneous cellular tissue, there is black crust in the middle of the carbuncle and peripheral vesicular rash around it. Bacteriological examination revealed presence of immobile streptobacilli able of capsulation. What microorganisms are causative agents of this disease?
A patient being treated in the burns department has suppurative complicati-on. The pus is of bluishgreen colour that is indicative of infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. What factor is typical for this causative agent?
Specimen of a patient’s sputum was stained with the following dyes and reagents: Ziehl’s solution, methylene blue solution, 5% solutoin of sulfuric acid. What staining method was applied?
Various cells of the oral mucous membrane and antimicrobial substances synthesized by these cells play an important part in the local immunity of the oral cavity. Specify the key factors for the local immunity
A 70-year-old man has developed prosphetic stomatitis. Apart of this he was found to have an evident lesion of mouth corners. Microscopical examination revealed large ovoid gram-positive cells. What microorganisms are most li-kely to be the leading etiological agent of such a lesion?
A sample taken from the pharynx of a patient with angina was inoculated on the blood-tellurite agar. This resulted in growth of grey, radially striated (in form of rosettes) colonies up to 4-5 mm in di-ameter. Microscopically there can be seen gram-positive rods with club-shaped ends arranged in form of spread fingers. What microorganisms are these?
ANSWER: A During anaesthetization of the oral cavity mucous tunic a patient developed anaphylactic shock (generalized vasodi-latation, increase in vascular permeability along with escape of liquid to the tissues). What type of hypersensitivity has the pati-ent developed?
A patient consulted a dentist about pains, reddening and swelling of gums. The dentist assumed herpetic gingi-vostomatitis. What virus might have caused this disease?
A 14-year-old patient has been diagnosed with Hutchinson’s triad: screwdriver-shaped teeth, parenchymatous keratitis and deafness. What disease are these signs typical for?
Analysis of sputum taken from a pati-ent with suspected pneumonia revealed rather elongated grampositive diplococci with somewhat pointed opposite ends. What microorganisms were revealed in the sputum?
Serological diagnostics of infectious diseases is based upon specific interacti-on with antigenes. Specify the serologi-cal reaction that underlies adhesion of microorganisms when they are affected by specific antibodies in presence of an electrolyte:
The immunoblot detected gp120 protein in the blood serum. This protein is typical for the following disease:
A patient of oral surgery department has developed a purulent complication. Bacteriological analysis of the wound discharge allowed to isolate a culture producing a blue-and-green pigment. Which of the listed microorganisms may be a causative agent of the infection?
Dentists are at increased risk of being infected with the type B hepatitis. What preparation should be used for reliable active prevention of this disease?
HIV has gp41 and gp120 on its surface interacts with target cells of an organism. Which of the following human lymphocyte antigens is gp120 complementary bound with?
A patient underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Analysis of the biopsy material enabled doctors to diagnose him with heli-cobacteriosis. What property of the bacteria found in this patient had to be obligatory taken into account during their cultivation?
The contents of vesicles that appeared on the mucous membrane of a patient with variola was sent to a virological laboratory. Which of the listed changes were revealed during the smear mi-croscopy?
After 4 months of treatment for tuberculosis the patient began complaining of toes and fingers numbness, sensati-on of creeps. He was diagnosed with polyneuritis. What anti tuberculous drug might have caused these complications?
A patient has been diagnosed with acute glomerulonephritis that developed after he had had streptococcal infecti-on. It is most likely that the affection of basal glomerular membrane is caused by an allergic reaction of the following type
Examination of patients with peri-odontitis revealed the interdependence between the rate of affection of periodontal tissues and the amount of lysozymes in saliva and gingival liquid. These results can be obtained during studying the following protection system of an organism
Specific prophylaxis involved appli-cation of a vaccine containing mi-croorganisms and exotoxin detoxicated by formalin. It relates to the following type of vaccine:
For infection prevention a pati-ent who underwent appendectomy was prescribed a cephalosporin antibiotic. Antimicrobial activity of these antibioti-cs is called forth by the disturbance of the following process:
A sample taken from the pharynx of a patient with angina was inoculated on the blood-tellurite agar. This resulted in growth of grey, radially striated (in form of rosettes) colonies up to 4-5 mm in di-ameter. Microscopically there can be seen gram-positive rods with club-shaped ends arranged in form of spread fingers. What microorganisms are these
There was a record of some anthrax cases among animals in a countryside. The spread of disease can be prevented by means of immunization. What kind of vaccine should be used?
A 32-year-old patient who lives in the countryside consulted a doctor about a painful swelling and a fistula in the submandibular region. Examination revealed an infiltration with a fistula di-scharging thick pus and containing white granules. On dissection the infiltration ti-ssues turned out to be dense, yellowgreen and had honeycomb structure because of multiple abscesses. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A 45-year-old male died from di-sseminated tuberculosis. On autopsy the symptoms of tuberculosis were confirmed by both microscopical and histological analyses. All the affected organs had epithelioid cell granulomas with caseous necrosis in the centre. What kind of hypersensitivity reaction underlies the process of granuloma development?
A worker of a cattle farm consulted a surgeon about fever up to 40oC, headache, weakness. Objective examination of his back revealed hyperaemia and a dark red infiltration up to 5 cm in diameter with black bottom in the centre and some pustules. What disease are these presentations typical for?
A 10-year-old child cut his leg wi-th a piece of glass and was sent to a clinic for an anti-tetanus serum injecti-on. In order to prevent the development of anaphylactic shock the Besredka desensitisation method was applied. What mechanism underlies this method?
Preventive examination of 1-1.5-year-old children living in an orphanage revealed focal thickening of ribs and wri-sts, bowed legs. The dentist pointed out delayed teething, wrong eruption order, irregular mineralization of the enamel and dentin, high-arched palate. What disease has developed in children?
Having recovered from angina 23-year-old patient developed uri-nary syndrome (hematuria, proteinuria, leukocyturia). Study of the puncture biopsy of a kidney revealed mani-festations of intracapillary proliferati-ve glomerulonephritis, and electron mi-croscopy revealed large subepithelial deposits. What is the pathogenesis of this disease?
Blood serum of a newborn contains antibodies to measles virus. What kind of immunity is this indicative of?
When examining a child the denti-st found the deposit on both tonsils and suspected atypical form of diphtheria. A smear was taken, and after the nutri-ent media inoculation the toxicity of the isolated pure culture was determined. What reaction was used to determine the toxigenicity of the isolated strain of di-phtheria bacillus?
From the fecal sample of a patient Shi-gella sonnei were isolated. What additi-onal studies are required to identify the source of infection?
Microscopy of a smear obtained from a patient with acute purulent periostitis revealed gram-positive bacteria arranged in clusters resembling bunch of grapes. What microorganisms is this morphology typical for?
A female woman has been clinically diagnosed with gonorrhea. Which of the following studies can be used to confirm the diagnosis?
A 30-year-old patient with pneumonia has been administered a 3-day course of an antibiotic from the group of azalides that has bactericidal effect, prolonged action, the ability to bind to phagocytic cells and accumulate in the infection foci. What drug has been administered?
A 71-year-old man had been presenting with diarrhea for 10 days. The feces had admixtures of blood and mucus. He was delivered to a hospital in grave condition and died 2 days later. Autopsy of the body revealed the following: diphtheritic colitis with multiple irregularly-shaped ulcers of different depth in both sigmoid colon and rectus. Bacteriological analysis revealed Shigella. What was the main disease?
A physician is planning to diagnose an infectious disease by means of agglutination test. What is required for this reaction apart from the serum of a patient?
Microscopy of a smear taken from the film that appeared on the peptone water 6 hours after seeding and culturing of a fecal sample in a thermostat revealed mobile gram-negative bacteria curved in form of a comma that didn’t make spores or capsules. What microorganisms were revealed?
A 70-year-old man has developed prosphetic stomatitis. Apart of this he was found to have an evident lesion of mouth corners. Microscopical examinati-on revealed large ovoid gram-positive cells. What microorganisms are most likely to be the leading etiological agent of such a lesion?
In order to eliminate occupational risks dental workers underwent vaccination. The vaccine should protect them from a viral infection, whose pathogen may be found in blood of dental patients who had had this infection or who are its chronic carriers. What vaccine was used?
A patient has wound abscess. Bacteriological examination of the wound content revealed a gramnegative baci-llus which forms semi-transparent mucous colonies of blue-green colour with a pearlescent appearance on the beef-extract agar. Culture has a specific odour of violets or jasmine. What type of pathogen was isolated from the patient’s wound?
On the base of the clinical data a chi-ld was diagnosed with atypical pneumonia resistant to the effects of beta-lactam anti-biotics. The patient’s sputum was cultured and incubated in a special medium, which resulted in growth of microorganisms forming microscopic colonies with a dense center (looking like fried eggs). What mi-croorganism caused the disease?
Throughout a year a 37-year-old woman periodically got infectious di-seases of bacterial origin, their course was extremely lingering, remissions were short. Examination revealed low level of major classes of immunoglobulins. The di-rect cause of this phenomenon may be the following cell dysfunction:
A patient consulted an immunologist about diarrhea, weight loss within several months, low-grade fever, enlarged lymph nodes. The doctor suspected HIV infection. What immunocompetent cells must be studied in the first place?
After a thorough examination the patient who had returned from Central Asia to Ukraine was diagnosed with spring-summer encephalitis. Its pathogen might have entered the body through the bite of the following arthropod:
Following treatment with a highly-efficient anti-tuberculosis drug a 48-year-old female developed optic nerve neuri-tis, memory impairment, cramps. Which of these anti-TB drugs had the patient taken?
A patient with marked manifestations of exsicosis died in the infectious disease hospital. Postmortem examination results: the corpse with contracted muscles, dry skin and mucous membranes, thick and dark blood in veins, edematous plethoric mucosa, distended bowel loops, the lumen contains about 4 liters of rice-water fluid. What is the most likely di-agnosis?
A 10-year-old child cut his leg with a piece of glass and was sent to a clinic for an anti-tetanus serum injection. In order to prevent the development of anaphylactic shock, the Besredka desensitization method was applied. What mechanism underlies this method?
A bacteriological laboratory studi-ed the home-made dried fish which had caused a severe food poisoning. Microscopy of the culture grown on the Kitt-Tarozzi medium revealed microorganisms resembling a tennis racket. What is the most likely diagnosis?
While studying blood and mucus samples from the nasopharynx, a bacteriologist took certain measures to conserve the pathogens in the material. Bacterioscopic study revealed the presence of gram-negative cocci looking like coffee beans and arranged in pairs or tetrads. Name the pathogen that was isolated by the bacteriologist:
Examination of a 27-year-old donor who had not donated blood for a long time revealed HBs antibodies detected by ELISA method. In this case, the positive ELISA results indicate that the donor:
A patient had been provisionally diagnosed with syphilis. A laboratory assistant took the blood serum for an immunologic test based on the detection of antibodies preventing the movement of treponemes and causing their death. What reaction was used for the diagnosis?
To prevent the seasonal influenza epidemics in the city hospitals, sani-tary epidemic station gave orders to immunize health care workers. Which of the following preparations should be used for immunization?
A 43-year-old patient is to be admi-nistered an antibiotic from the penicillin group which would be resistant to penicillinase. What drug can be recommended?
An animal sensitized with tuberculin had been administered tuberculin intraperitoneally. 24 hours later, during laparotomy, the animal was found to have venous congesti-on and peritoneal edema. Impression smears from the peritoneum contai-ned a large number of lymphocytes and monocytes. What pathological process was detected in the animal?
In the area being the epicenter of the registered rabies cases among wild animals a 43-year-old man presented to a clinic and claimed to have been bitten by a stray dog. He was given a course of antirabies vaccine. This preparation relates to the following type of vacci-nes:
During examination of a 3-month-old infant a pediatrician revealed that the baby’s oral mucosa and tongue were covered with a thick white deposit. In the material taken from the affected site a bacteriologist revealed the presence of yeast fungi giving the reasons for suspecting a fungal infecti-on which occurs most often in children of this age, namely:
A 29-year-old patient with bacteri-al pneumonia has been administered penicillin. What is the mechanism of its antimicrobial action?
During anesthesia of the oral mucosa a 37-year-old patient has had anaphylactic reaction (widespread vasodilation, increased vascular permeability with liquid exiting the blood vessels and penetrating in the tissues). What type of hypersensitivity reaction occurred in the patient?
During reproduction of some RNA-containing viruses that cause tumors in animals, genetic informati-on can be transmitted in the opposite direction from the RNA to the DNA via a specific enzyme. The enzyme of reverse transcription is called:
A female who had been conti-nuously taking antibiotics for an intesti-nal infection developed a complicati-on manifested by inflammation of the oral mucosa and white deposit. Bacteri-ological study of the deposit samples revealed yeast fungi Candida albicans. Which of the following medications is indicated for the treatment of this complication?
Diphtheria exotoxin had been treated with 0,3-0,4% formalin and kept in a thermostat for 30 days at a temperature of 40oC. What preparation was obtained as a result of these mani-pulations?
Microscopy of a dental plaque revealed a large number of cocci arranged in pairs and strings, as well as Gram-positive bacilli which were li-kely to be the cause of cariogenesis. What microorganism associations are involved in the development of dental caries?
A 47-year-old patient with symptoms of severe intoxication and respiratory failure died. A section of lung tissue had a mottled pattern wi-th multiple small focal hemorrhages and foci of emphysema. Histologi-cal examination revealed hemorrhagic bronchopneumonia accompanied by abscess; the cytoplasm of bronchi-al epithelial cells had eosinophil and basophil inclusions. According to the section analysis, make your diagnosis:
A 42-year-old patient with gastric ulcer has a disbalance between the aggressive and defensive factors. Whi-ch of the following factors contributes to the development of gastric ulcer?
A 47-year-old male patient consulted a dentist about difficult mouth opening (lockjaw). The patient has a history of a stab wound of the lower extremity. What infection can be manifested by these symptoms?
A 32-year-old patient undergoi-ng dental examination was found to have some rash-like lesions resembli-ng secondary syphilis in the oral cavi-ty. The patient was referred for the serological study with the purpose of diagnosis confirmation. In order to detect antibodies in the serum, living Treponema were used as diagnosticum. What serological test was performed?
A 35-year-old female patient has HIV at the AIDS stage. On the skin of the lower extremities and palatine mucosa there appeared rusty red spots, bright red nodules of various sizes. One of the nodules was taken for histologi-cal study. It revealed a lot of randomly distributed thin-walled vessels lined wi-th endothelium, the bundles of spindle cells containing hemosiderin. What ki-nd of tumor developed in the patient?
Experimental studies revealed steroid hormones to have an effect on proteosynthesis. They influence synthesis of the following substances:
A paitent, who works as a milkmaid, has made an appoinment with a dentist wi-th complaints of aphthashaped rash on the mucosa of oral cavity. The doctor detected rash on her hands in the area of nail plates. What agent causes this disease?
A pregnant woman complains of vaginal mucosa irritation, itching and genital tracts secretion. Bacterioscopy of vaginal smears revealed large gram-positive oval oblong cells that form pseudomicelium. What is the most probable channel of infection?
ANSWER: A There are several cases of children from boarding school suffering from sore throat. Microscopy of tonsil smears stained according to Neisser method has revealed thin yellow bacilli with dark brown grai-ns on their ends placed in the shape of Roman numeral five. What infection can be suspected in this case?
A patient has been hospitalised wi-th provisional diagnosis of hepatitis B. To make a diagnosis, serological reaction is used, which is based on antigen reacting wi-th antibody chemically bound with peroxi-dase or alkaline phosphatase. What is the name of this serological reaction?
Microscopy of smear preparation stai-ned with methylene blue revealed baci-lli with clublike expansions on their ends similar to C.diphteriae. What additional method of staining should be used to verify this assumption?
A patient has been diagnosed with baci-llary dysentery. What drug of those listed below should be prescribed?
In the area being the epicenter of the registered rabies cases among wild animals a 43-year-old man presented to a clinic and claimed to have been bitten by a stray dog. He was given a course of antirabies vacci-ne. This preparation relates to the following type of vaccines:
A patient has some vesicles on the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, lips and nose. A dentist suspected vesicular stomatitis. What analysis will allow to confirm the diagnosis?
Throughout a year a 37-year-old woman periodically got infectious di-seases of bacterial origin, their course was extremely lingering, remissions were short. Examination revealed low level of major classes of immunoglobulins. The di-rect cause of this phenomenon may be the following cell dysfunction:
A patient consulted an immunologist about diarrhea, weight loss within several months, low-grade fever, enlarged lymph nodes. The doctor suspected HIV infecti-on. What immunocompetent cells must be studied in the first place?
Pyrogenal administered to a rabbit, in the course of an experiment, resulted in increase of its body temperature. What substance of those named below acts as a secondary pyrogen that is a part of feverinducing mechanism?
Diphtheria exotoxin had been treated with 0,3-0,4% formalin and kept in a thermostat for 30 days at a temperature of 39oC. What preparation was obtained as a result of these manipulations?
A 47-year-old male patient consulted a dentist about difficult mouth openi-ng (lockjaw). The patient has a history of a stab wound of the lower extremity. What infection can be manifested by these symptoms?
The patient’s condition after blood transfusion has been aggravated by posttransfusion shock. Name the type of allergic reaction causing this pathology.
To conduct serum diagnostics of typhoid fever a test is carried out, when diagnosticums of three types of microorganisms are being added into different solutions of patient’s serum; then agglutinate formation is checked. Name the author of this kind of test.
Ability to divide is characteristic of procariotic and eukaryotic cells. Procari-otic cell division is different from that of eukaryotic, but there is one molecular process that is the basis of both types of di-vision. Name this process
There is a 7-year-old child with complains of cough, lacrimation, rhinitis, skin rash, photophobia and three-day-long fever as high as 38oC. Physical examinati-on has revealed the following: conjunctivi-tis; bright red maculopapular rash covering the skin of face, neck and torso; hyperemic pharynx; serous purulent secretions from the nose; dry rales in the lungs. What is the most probable diagnosis?
6 hours after the initial inoculati-on of water sample into 1% peptone water, the growth of a culture in form of a thin pellicle on the medium surface was registered. Such cultural properti-es are typical for the causative agent of the following disease:
